1 2 Bodnar, Istvan (2010). Zalta, Edward N. (biên tập). “Aristotle's Natural Philosophy” . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. In Metaphysics 12.8, Aristotle opts for both the uniqueness and the plurality of the unmoved celestial movers. Each celestial sphere possesses the unmoved mover of its own—presumably as the object of its striving, see Metaphysics 12.6—whereas the mover of the outermost celestial sphere, which carries with its diurnal rotation the fixed stars, being the first of the series of unmoved movers also guarantees the unity and uniqueness of the universe.
↑ Humphrey, P. (2007). Metaphysics of Mind: Hylomorphism and Eternality in Aristotle and Hegel. State University of New York at Stony Brook. tr. 71. ISBN9780549806714. The universe has no beginning in time, no temporal first cause, so Aristotle is obviously not seeking an efficient cause in the sense of "what set it all off?" Aristotle's unmoved mover acts as final cause, as the good toward which all things strive. That is, it acts an objects of desire: "The object of desire and the object of thought move without being moved" (Met., 1072a26–27).
↑ Aristotle; (trans. Hardie, R. P. & Gaye, R. K.) (ngày 7 tháng 1 năm 2009). “Physics”. The Internet Classics Archive.Quản lý CS1: nhiều tên: danh sách tác giả (liên kết)
